Devanagari
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The devanagari, the alphabet (script) used in some Indian languages such as Hindi, Sanskrit and Marathi, is a phonetic system. In principle, one letter always represents the same sound, which is relatively convenient. The sounds eu (like the French word "cheveu") and ü (like the French word "rue") don't exist.
The consonants are always followed by the vowel अ (short a), but this is not written out if preceded by a consonant. The sign ् is used to indicate that a consonant is not followed by a vowel.
There are two main difficulties:
- most consonants can be combined to form combinations.
- the vowels are written differently depending on their position in a word - whether they are in the beginning or not and whether they follow a vowel or another consonant.
Contents |
Ligatures
As an example to difficulty #2, the combinations of the consonant क (k) with the different vowels are:
- क् + अ = क (ka)
- क् + आ = का (kā)
- क् + इ = कि (ki)
- क् + ई = की (kī)
- क् + उ = कु (ku)
- क् + ऊ = कू (kū)
- क् + ऋ = कृ (kri)
- क् + ए = के (ke)
- क् + ऐ = कै (kai)
- क् + ओ = को (ko)
- क् + औ = कौ (kau)
Special cases:
- र् + उ = रु (ru)
- र् + ऊ = रू (rū)
Some consonants may combine with each other to form other consonants (termed as conjunct consonants or संयुक्त् वर्ण)
| X | आ | इ | ई | उ | ऊ | ऋ | ऍ | ए | ऐ | ऑ | ओ | औ |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ा | ि | ी | ु | ू | ृ | ॅ | े | ै | ॉ | ो | ौ | |
| क | का | कि | की | कु | कू | कृ | कॅ | के | कै | कॉ | को | कौ |
| क़ | क़ा | क़ि | क़ी | क़ु | क़ू | क़ृ | क़ॅ | क़े | क़ै | क़ॉ | क़ो | क़ौ |
| ख | खा | खि | खी | खु | खू | खृ | खॅ | खे | खै | खॉ | खो | खौ |
| ख़ | ख़ा | ख़ि | ख़ी | ख़ु | ख़ू | ख़ृ | ख़ॅ | ख़े | ख़ै | ख़ॉ | ख़ो | ख़ौ |
| ग | गा | गि | गी | गु | गू | गृ | गॅ | गे | गै | गॉ | गो | गौ |
| ग़ | ग़ा | ग़ि | ग़ी | ग़ु | ग़ू | ग़ृ | ग़ॅ | ग़े | ग़ै | ग़ॉ | ग़ो | ग़ौ |
| घ | घा | घि | घी | घु | घू | घृ | घॅ | घे | घै | घॉ | घो | घौ |
| च | चा | चि | ची | चु | चू | चृ | चॅ | चे | चै | चॉ | चो | चौ |
| छ | छा | छि | छी | छु | छू | छृ | छॅ | छे | छै | छॉ | छो | छौ |
| ज | जा | जि | जी | जु | जू | जृ | जॅ | जे | जै | जॉ | जो | जौ |
| ज़ | ज़ा | ज़ि | ज़ी | ज़ु | ज़ू | ज़ृ | ज़ॅ | ज़े | ज़ै | ज़ॉ | ज़ो | ज़ौ |
| झ | झा | झि | झी | झु | झू | झृ | झॅ | झे | झै | झॉ | झो | झौ |
| ञ | ञा | ञि | ञी | ञु | ञू | ञृ | ञॅ | ञे | ञै | ञॉ | ञो | ञौ |
| ट | टा | टि | टी | टु | टू | टृ | टॅ | टे | टै | टॉ | टो | टौ |
| ठ | ठा | ठि | ठी | ठु | ठू | ठृ | ठॅ | ठे | ठै | ठॉ | ठो | ठौ |
| ड | डा | डि | डी | डु | डू | डृ | डॅ | डे | डै | डॉ | डो | डौ |
| ड़ | ड़ा | ड़ि | ड़ी | ड़ु | ड़ू | ड़ृ | ड़ॅ | ड़े | ड़ै | ड़ॉ | ड़ो | ड़ौ |
| ढ | ढा | ढि | ढी | ढु | ढू | ढृ | ढॅ | ढे | ढै | ढॉ | ढो | ढौ |
| ढ़ | ढ़ा | ढ़ि | ढ़ी | ढ़ु | ढ़ू | ढ़ृ | ढ़ॅ | ढ़े | ढ़ै | ढ़ॉ | ढ़ो | ढ़ौ |
| ण | णा | णि | णी | णु | णू | णृ | णॅ | णे | णै | णॉ | णो | णौ |
| त | ता | ति | ती | तु | तू | तृ | तॅ | ते | तै | तॉ | तो | तौ |
| थ | था | थि | थी | थु | थू | थृ | थॅ | थे | थै | थॉ | थो | थौ |
| द | दा | दि | दी | दु | दू | दृ | दॅ | दे | दै | दॉ | दो | दौ |
| ध | धा | धि | धी | धु | धू | धृ | धॅ | धे | धै | धॉ | धो | धौ |
| न | ना | नि | नी | नु | नू | नृ | नॅ | ने | नै | नॉ | नो | नौ |
| प | पा | पि | पी | पु | पू | पृ | पॅ | पे | पै | पॉ | पो | पौ |
| फ | फा | फि | फी | फु | फू | फृ | फॅ | फे | फै | फॉ | फो | फौ |
| फ | फ़ा | फ़ि | फ़ी | फ़ु | फ़ू | फ़ृ | फ़ॅ | फ़े | फ़ै | फ़ॉ | फ़ो | फ़ौ |
| ब | बा | बि | बी | बु | बू | बृ | बॅ | बे | बै | बॉ | बो | बौ |
| भ | भा | भि | भी | भु | भू | भृ | भॅ | भे | भै | भॉ | भो | भौ |
| म | मा | मि | मी | मु | मू | मृ | मॅ | मे | मै | मॉ | मो | मौ |
| य | या | यि | यी | यु | यू | यृ | यॅ | ये | यै | यॉ | यो | यौ |
| र | रा | रि | री | रु | रू | रृ | रॅ | रे | रै | रॉ | रो | रौ |
| ल | ला | लि | ली | लु | लू | लृ | लॅ | ले | लै | लॉ | लो | लौ |
| व | वा | वि | वी | वु | वू | वृ | वॅ | वे | वै | वॉ | वो | वौ |
| श | शा | शि | शी | शु | शू | शृ | शॅ | शे | शै | शॉ | शो | शौ |
| ष | षा | षि | षी | षु | षू | षृ | षॅ | षे | षै | षॉ | षो | षौ |
| स | सा | सि | सी | सु | सू | सृ | सॅ | से | सै | सॉ | सो | सौ |
| ह | हा | हि | ही | हु | हू | हृ | हॅ | हे | है | हॉ | हो | हौ |
The Devanagari alphabet
In Devanagari, there are 14 vowels and 33 consonants (conjunct consonants included).
The alphabet written with pronunciation
Here are the symbols in an "alphabetic" order. The vowels are on top, followed by the consonants.
| phoneme | pronunciation, transcription |
example (in English) |
example (in Hindi) |
| Vowels | |||
| अ | a (short) | fun | अब (ab, now) |
| आ | â (long) | father | आठ (âth, eight) |
| इ | i (short) | sick | इमान्दार (imandar, honest) |
| ई | î (long) | sheer | मिठाई (mithâï, sweets) |
| उ | ou (short) | put | उर्दू (Urdu) |
| ऊ | oû (long) | shoot | ऊन (oûn, wool) |
| ऋ | ri | crystal | ऋषि (richi, wise (person)) |
| ऍ | e | spend | ऍडवर्द (Edward, English pronunciation) |
| ए | é | (French) née | एक (ék, one) |
| ऐ | éï | hi | ऐनक (éïnak, glasses) |
| ऑ | o (long, open) | robot | ऑक्सिजन (oxygen) |
| ओ | ô (closed) | loaf | ओड़िया (Oriya) |
| औ | aô (long) | scout | औरत (aôrat, woman) |
| ा | â (long, middle of a word) | सामान (sâmân, baggage) | |
| ि | i (short, middle of a word) | पिता (pitâ, father) | |
| ी | i (long, middle of a word) | घी (ghî, butter) | |
| ु | ou (short, middle of a word) | दुकान (doukân, shop) | |
| ू | oû (long, middle of a word) | जूता (joûtâ, shoe) | |
| ृ | ri (middle of a word) | कृषि (krichi, agriculture) | |
| ॅ | e (middle of a word) | क्रॅडिट (credit, credit) | |
| े | é (middle of a word) | देना (dénâ, to give) | |
| ै | éï (middle of a word) | है (héï, is (verb "to be")) | |
| ॉ | o (long, open, middle of a word) |
कॉलेज (koléj, college, university) | |
| ो | ô (closed, middle of a word) | सोमवार (sômvâr, Monday) | |
| ौ | aô (middle of a word) | नौ (naô, nine) | |
| ं | (anusvâr, nasalises the preceding vowel) | रंग (rang, color) | |
| ँ | (chandrabindu, nasalises the preceding vowel) | on, an | फ़्राँसीसी (fransîsî, French) |
| अः | ah (in the middle of a word, only the two points are used) |
दुःख (duhkh, sadness) | |
| Consonants | |||
| क | k | come | कमरा (kamrâ, room) |
| क़ | k (words of arabic origin) | crisp | क़मीज़ (kamîz, shirt) |
| ख | kh | khaki | लिखना (likhnâ, write) |
| ख़ | kh | khaki | अख़बार (akhbâr, journal) |
| ग | g | girl | गाना (gânâ, song, to sing) |
| ग़ | g | gum | ग़रीब (garîb, poor) |
| घ | gh | घर (ghar, flat, dwelling) | |
| ङ् | unu | finger | |
| च | tch | Tchechen | चार (tchâr, four) |
| छ | tchh | छे (tchhé, six) | |
| ज | dj | gene | जाना (djânâ, to go) |
| ज़ | z (words of arabic origin) | zero | मेज़ (méz, table) |
| झ | djh | झूठ (djhoûth, lie) | |
| ञ | gn (only in combination with च छ ज झ) | ||
| ट | t | Tommy | पेट (pét, stomach) |
| ठ | th | मराठी (Marathi) | |
| ड | d | एडी (édî, ankle) | |
| ड़ | r (rolling) | भेड़ (bhér, sheep) | |
| ढ | dh | ढेर (dhér, accumulation) | |
| ढ़ | rh | डेढ़ (dérh, one and a half) | |
| ण | n | अणु (anou, atome, molecula) | |
| त | t | तमिल (tamil, Tamil) | |
| थ | th | thick | हाथ (hâth, hand) |
| द | d | दो (dô, two) | |
| ध | dh | दूध (doûdh, milk) | |
| न | n | name | नमक (namak, salt) |
| प | p | papa | पित (pati, husband) |
| फ | ph, f | सफेद (safed, white) | |
| फ़ | f (words of foreign origin) | failure | फ़ारसी (Farsi) |
| ब | b | balloon | बीस (bîs, twenty) |
| भ | bh | भारत (bhârat, India) | |
| म | m | mom | माथा (mâthâ, forehead) |
| य | y | yac | चाय (tchây, tea/chai) |
| र | r | rate | रिववार (ravivâr, Sunday) |
| ल | l | lake | लाना (lânâ, bring) |
| व | v, w | हवा (hawâ, air) | |
| श | sh (wet ch) | (German) mich | शनिवार (shanivâr, Saturday) |
| ष | ch | shell | भाषा (bhâchâ, language) |
| स | s | silk | सात (sât, seven) |
| ह | h | hill | होना (honâ, to be) |
| ़ | |||
| ् | (to supress the implicit vowel) | ||
| ॐ | Ôm | ||
| । | . (end of phrase) | ||
| ॥ | (marks the end of the rhyme in poetry) |
Vowels (स्वर)
In Devanagari, vowels can be classified into five types:
- ह्रस्व or short vowels
- अ
- इ
- उ
- ऋ
- ऌ
- दीर्घ or long vowels.
- आ
- ई
- ऊ)
- ॠ)
- ॡ)
- संयुक्त or conjunct vowels.
- अ + इ = ए
- अ + ई = ऐ
- अ + उ = ओ
- अ + ऊ = औ
- अनुनासिक or nasal vowels
- अं
- विसर्ग
- अः
Vowels in alphabetical order
| अ आ इ ई उ ऊ ऋ ॠ |
| ऌ ॡ ए ऐ ओ औ अं अः |
Consonants
Independently, all consonants are written with a हलन्त or विराम (i.e. a '\' underneath). When a vowel is attached to a consonant, the हलन्त is removed.
Consonants in alphabetical order
In Devanagari, the placement of consonants in alphabetical order are horizontally grouped in accordance with the body part where their sounds originate from.
| velar | क् ख् ग् घ् ङ् |
| palatal | च् छ् ज् झ् ञ् |
| cerebral/retroflex | ट् ठ् ड् ढ् ण् |
| dental | त् थ् द् ध् न् |
| labial | प् फ् ब् भ् म् |
| half-vowels | य् र् ल् व् |
| sibilants | श् ष् स् |
| empty aspirant | ह् |
The corresponding row for the letters (or any letter in a row) from क् to म् can be individually referenced by the first member of the row suffixed by "अवर्ग्".
Example: The line त् थ् द् ध् न् can be referenced as त वर्ग.
Exercises
TODO

